Showing posts with label Miscellaneous. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Miscellaneous. Show all posts

Friday, October 7, 2011

The Law of Comparative Advantage

(S: George Shultz; M: Charlie Munger)


S: Charlie, the way I figure it is if we stop trading with China, the other advanced nations will do it anyway, and we wouldn't stop the ascent of China compared to us, and we'd lose the Ricardo-diagnosed advantages of Trade.


M: Well, George, you've just invented a new form of the tragedy of the commons. You're locked in this system, and you can't fix it. You're going to go to a tragic hell in a handbasket, if going to hell involves being once the great leader of the world and finally going to the shallows in terms of leadership.


S: Charlie, I do not want to think about this.


After reading the above conversation in "Poor Charlie's Almanac", my contemplation on free trade and the Law of Comparative Advantage should end.

Saturday, June 25, 2011

Imperialism

幾年前拜訪一個南非客戶,父子在開普敦經營一間四十多人的工廠,生産卡式收音機(仍然生産卡式收音機是一奇,在南非生産則更奇!),也從中國進口代理其他電子產品。祖籍英國,幾代前移居到來。


Cape Town是一個很美麗的城市,氣候宜人,在海邊的餐廳坐著喝著,感覺像地中海的一個歐洲城市,一點也感覺不到非洲。可是客戶卻告誡晚上切忌亂走,用膳須坐計程車點到點直達海邊,可見治安並不太好。據説約翰内斯堡的治安更糟。“南非的HIV帶菌者,佔總人口的百分之十”,在接機後的途中,他如是說。我想,繼鑽石和黃金,HIV應是南非的第三大象徵。


當時有點困惑,但不便請教他:爲何會有英國人移居南非?今天讀到羅素《Freedom Versus Organization》Imperialism的一節,終於得到部分答案:


"Though it involved some genuine idealism, in daily life imperialism was usually a more mundane affair, with straightforward economic motives. These were somewhat different in those who emigrated and in those who merely invested money. Various reasons caused the upper and professional classes to favour extensions of the Empire. Young men of no great ability, brought up in habits of social superiority, and finding society at home becoming democratic, were glad of the chance of earning a living and exercising command in regions inhabited by 'inferior' races. Overcrowding, industrialism, and legality made England seem dull to adventurous dispositions, and hateful to those who loved solitude and beautiful surroundings. A considerable number of men went to the colonies only to escape from the ugliness and cramped conditions of modern English life, and found themselves unintentional empire-builders..."

Monday, February 7, 2011

The Problem of China

羅素於1920-21年旅居中國一年,回英後寫了“The Problem of China”。


"The Chinese have discovered, and have practiced for many centuries, a way of life which, if it could be adopted by all the world, would make all the world happy. We Europeans have not. Our way of life demands strife, exploitation, restless change, discontent and destruction. Efficiency directed to destruction can only end in annihilation, and it is to this consummation that our civilization is tending, if it cannot learn some of that wisdom for which it despises the East."
羅素對中國文化的評價高得離奇,沒讀過的不易相信。


"Western Europe and America have a practically homogeneous mental life, which I should trace to three sources: 1) Greek culture; 2) Jewish religion and ethics; 3) modern industrialism, which itself is an outcome of modern science. We may take Plato, the Old Testament and Galileo as representing these three elements, which have remained singularly separable down to the present day. From the Greeks we derive literature and the arts, philosophy and pure mathematics; also the more urbane portions of our social outlook. From the Jews we derive fanatical belief, which its friends call "faith"; moral fervour, with the conception of sin; religious intolerance, and some part of or nationalism. From science, as applied in industrialism, we derive power and the sense of power, the belief that we are as gods, and may justly be the arbiters of life and death for unscientific races. We derive also the empirical method, by which almost all real knowledge has been acquired."


"Comparing the civilization of China with that of Europe, one finds in China most of what was to be found in Greece, but nothing of the other two elements of our civilization, namely Judaism and science. China is practically destitute of religion, not only in the upper classes, but throughout the population. There is a very definite ethical code, but it is not fierce or persecuting, and does not contain the notion of sin."


"The typical Westerner wishes to be the cause of as many changes as possible in his environment; the typical Chinaman wishes to enjoy as much and as delicately as possible. This difference is at the bottom of most of the contrast between China and the English-speaking world."
那是民國時期的中國,如今中西的差別已不多。


"Shortly before I left China, an eminent Chinese writer pressed me to say what I considered the chief defects of the Chinese. With some reluctance, I mentioned three: avarice, cowardice, and callousness. Strange to say, my interlocutor, instead of getting angry, admitted the justice of my criticism, and proceeded to discuss possible remedies."
誰說老外不理解中國國情?

Sunday, February 6, 2011

兔年願望

閲讀的速度太慢,喝酒的速度太快,今年的願望是加快前者減慢後者,達至我的Pareto Optimality。

閲讀

少時沒有閲讀的習慣,畢業前所讀過的課外書恐怕只有金庸及古龍。離開校園找工作的那一年,才醒覺自己的諸多不足,然後讀了《李天命的思考藝術》,自此閲讀便與吃喝拉撒睡同級。


知識的探求是"moral obligation",直至目前爲止,閲讀仍是唯一最有效途徑。後悔少時沒學好中英文,所以絕不容許女兒重蹈覆轍。


智商是先天,可改變的不多;小朋友天生好奇,不要窒礙便行;語文能力將會是教育的唯一重點。好奇心加高速閲讀,learning machine是也!

Monday, December 27, 2010

多元

“Diversity is essential to happiness, and in Utopia there is hardly any.” 烏托邦或共產主義的失敗,無需多講;“Diversity is essential to happiness”這一句,卻引起一些聯想。


原來渴望多元化是人類的本能:你已經有個很好的女朋友,還是想要第二個、第三個(如果有一個老婆,你想要的卻不是第二個老婆,而是一個女朋友,不過同樣是diversify);你明明想生女,得女後卻想追個“仔”;到泰國渡假平靚正,你偏要試馬來西亞菲律賓;有一輛Benz,又想買Audi;有份高薪厚職,卻要冒險創業;好端端的做廠,卻去搞房地產...


根據邊際效用遞減定律,多元化很可能會帶來更高的Utility。但這只是“很可能”,並不是絕對。多一個女朋友,管理難度提高,所得的快樂未必抵得過所花費的心力;多一項業務,可能因爲分心而使整體回報下降。


有些人生而專一,不愛多樣化,如畢菲特。很可能是遺傳基因出錯,這些人卻能成就大事。有些天才,愛多樣化,也有巨大成就,如羅素,一定是基因出錯。凡人如我,想有點小成——美滿婚姻、幸福家庭加一番事業,每天要奮力抵擋Diversification的誘惑,在Diversity與Focus之間找平衡,真的會有點累。

Saturday, November 6, 2010

論亂倫

已經過了半年,《西方哲學史》只讀了一半。讀至第二部分“Catholic Philosophy”,趣味驟減,讀來讀去讀不完,但
曾承諾自己一定要把書看完,絕不半途而廢。很有點自虐。


終於讀到有趣的。羅素論Saint Thomas:
"Against brother-sister incest there is a very curious argument: that if the love of husband and wife were combined with that of brother and sister, mutual attraction would be so strong as to cause unduly frequent intercourse."

Wednesday, September 15, 2010

Logic

甲:羅素論Gregory The Great,"...the most effective men of action are often intellectually second-rate"。


乙:So what?

甲:會不會是我太intellectual,以致缺乏行動,所以一無所成?

乙:(p -> q) & ~q 能推出 ~p,但 (p -> q) & ~p 並不能推出 ~q,你缺乏行動不代表你intellectually first-rate,你最大可能只是缺乏行動並且intellectually third-rate。

甲:...

Sunday, July 11, 2010

歷久不衰

羅素於《西方哲學史》論亞里士多德的《Politics》:
"... In an ironically Machiavellian tone, Aristotle explains what a tyrant must do to retain power. He must prevent the rise of any person of exceptional merit, by execution or assassination if necessary. He must prohibit common meals, clubs, and any education likely to produce hostile sentiment. There must be no literary assemblies or discussions. He must prevent people from knowing each other well, and compel them to live in public at his gates. He should employ spies, like the female detectives at Syracuse. He must sow quarrels, and impoverish his subjects. He should keep them occupied in great works, as the king of Egypt did in getting the pyramids built. He should give power to women and slaves, to make them informers. He should make war, in order that his subjects may have something to do and be always in want of a leader.
It is melancholy reflection that this passage is, of the whole book, the one most appropriate to the present day..."


六十多年又過去了,仍然非常 "appropriate to the present day"。

Friday, May 28, 2010

身在福中

一位印刷厰的客戶經理對我說:生為香港人,真的很幸福。


他生於江西,工作於廣州;大學讀外語,專責服務海外客戶。很多對香港人的恭維,都只是客套話。國内的很多人,覺得國勢日隆,經濟飛快增長,已經不會羡慕香港。香港對他們來說只是買化妝品較便宜,買電玩不會被騙而已。


他說得誠懇,我信他是真心的。沒有問爲何覺得香港人幸福,但知道所指的絕不是工資高,不是美食,當然也不是購物享受。


一直以來,香港有著資本主義社會帶來的富裕及自由,而不必承受太多民主制度的陋弊,更不需活在專制政權之下;分享中國經濟高速發展的好處,享受國家的軍事保護,而不用交稅給中央。實在“著數”得太不合理了。


不合理的事情,一般不能持久。希望這次是例外。

Thursday, May 13, 2010

Mos Burger

昨午是每週一次到訪Mos Burger之時,背面隔桌坐著一男一女。並沒有回頭看,只憑對話知道男的是位算命先生,女的當然是客戶。若不是算命先生聲如洪鐘,會以爲他是保險經紀或理財顧問。


當時正在“愛瘋”上鋤大D,絕對不是有意偷聽。女的聲音小得幾不可聞,她或許根本沒說過什麽,男的卻滔滔不絕地金木水火土:
“這個男人跟你命格不配!他的離開對你是件好事!”
“以後不要隨便借錢給人!”
“你的命不適宜做高風險的生意!”
“現在你要好好照顧女兒...”


一頓十五分鐘的午餐,辣雞漢堡、薯條和咖啡,這位女士的坎坷一生清晰展現。算命先生的話固然可笑,但怎笑得出?離開時很想回頭看女的到底是怎個樣子,但最終沒有。我慶幸:不需別人教我路要怎麽走。

Sunday, May 2, 2010

中西合璧


某天行CitySuper,抵不住Sales姐姐專業的推銷,買了兩包“鬼佬茶葉”。她說玫瑰花蕾可以加於鐵觀音,是她老爸的最愛,已經喝了十年。果然沒騙我。怎麽形容呢?還是自己試試吧。

我想,我對中西合璧的事物,是情有獨鍾的。

駕駛

有兩位好友對駕駛一點都不感興趣,一個說自己無方向感,一個對所有物質享受都抗拒。可是有更多的朋友,一滿十八嵗就去考駕照。


駕駛之於我,最重要的是有不被擾的自由。坐公共交通工具,一怕“麻甩佬”髒臭無禮,二怕三姑六婆高談闊論,三怕旺角潮童面目猙獰。


很吊詭的是,開車可以鬆弛神經。長途駕駛當然傷神,短途則不然。在公司辛勞了一天,滿腦子還是工作上的麻煩事,一坐上司機位,握著方向盤,踏著油門,專心駕車的時候,腦内一片空白,在夜深的公路上飛馳,腦子如像沐浴了一遍,精神疲累盡去。


回想四年來的自駕生活,最大損失是少了閲讀時間。以往坐“公交”的時間都被迫以看書來打發,自駕雖省時,但沒法邊駕邊讀。無論如何,已經習慣駕駛帶來的自由,無法回頭了。

Saturday, April 24, 2010

Free Trade

比較優勢定律說,國與國之間專業分工而貿易,雙方都必然得益。雖然張五常說定律只於以物易物、沒有貨幣的世界才是絕對,但於真實世界仍有一般性。

工作於出入口行業,飯碗建基於自由貿易;熱愛經濟學,信奉自由經濟;見證中國 - 自由貿易的最大得益者 - 生活水平極速提升,雖沒一般國内年輕人(甚至中年人)的一腔愛國熱情,也感到無限欣喜。

可是國家整體得益,不代表沒有人受害。現實是受害者雖少於受益者,但仍然很多。抵不住別國競爭的本土行業會消失,從業者會失業,要轉業,生活水平大降。他們會問:是我錯了嗎?爲何我(及我的家人)要為大家犧牲呢?

因爲語言文化隔閡較小,以往香港製造業從業者還可以北上發展,但一個美國工程師可以移居中國大陸工作嗎?貨物可以自由流動但人口不能。長年累月的工作經驗,因行業消失而付諸流水,心中鬱悶可想而知。

就算貿易雙方都得益,程度也有不同。兩國自由貿易,顯然是落後國家的生活水平提升幅度較大。先進國本已富有,邊際效益遞減也。作爲一個美國人,應該為絕對財富提升而高興,還是為相對(比中國)財富減少而失落?快樂指數取決於絕對值還是相對值?於埃塞俄比亞做一個富人開心,還是在香港做一個窮人開心?

問題已經超越經濟學的範疇,哲學家能解答嗎?要少數人成全多數,值得嗎?不知羅素會怎樣看。我想了很久,沒有答案,但已不能像以往那樣痛斥保護主義了。


(作爲受薪階層,其實自己也是中國強大競爭力的受害者。只好靠投資中國企業的股票作補償!)

Monday, April 12, 2010

Old Mistresses Apologue

"Because when Women cease to be handsome, they study to be good. To maintain their Influence over Men, they supply the Diminution of Beauty by an Augmentation of Utility. They learn to do a 1000 Services small and great, and are the most tender and useful of all Friends when you are sick. Thus they continue amiable. And hence there is hardly such a thing to be found as an old Woman who is not a good Woman."


"Because in every Animal that walks upright, the Deficiency of the Fluids that fill the Muscles appears first in the highest Part: The Face first grows lank and wrinkled; then the Neck; then the Breast and Arms; the lower Parts continuing to the last as plump as ever: So that covering all above with a Basket, and regarding only what is below the Girdle, it is impossible of two Women to know an old from a young one. And as in the dark all Cats are grey, the Pleasure of corporal Enjoyment with an old Woman is at least equal, and frequently superior, every Knack being by Practice capable of Improvement."


富蘭克林勸説朋友應盡早娶妻,讓男人的獸性得以正當地疏導,如果他還是不聼,仍要到處留情的話,那麽應選年長女人而捨年輕的,以上是其中兩個精彩的論點。What a genius!

Tuesday, March 30, 2010

陋習

受一位同學影響,我在小學三、四年級開始講粗口。他有一位兄長,教他很多粗言穢語及“咸濕嘢”,每天轉堂及小息,便是我吸收這些成人知識的時候。升上五年級,不再同班後,已沒有跟這位“影響我一生”的同學聯絡,他或許已記不起我,但他講粗口時的樣貌聲線,我還歷歷在目,如有幸在街上碰到,我想還是能把他認出。


後來爲了要自我完善,曾經想要戒。戒不掉。爲了討好當時的女友(現在的太太),曾經想要戒。還是戒不掉。


在拘謹的場合,我是自然地不會爆粗的,如小時候在家裏(那時候體罰還十分盛行,區往矣!)、課堂上,長大後面對上司、客戶、陌生異性時。可是每當放鬆下來,助語詞還是驅之不去。


再後來,發現很多我最仰慕的人都講,包括張五常、黎志英、蕭若元及莫札特,就更加心安理得了(是先仰慕還是先發現就不要深究了)。率性、愛恨分明,看來是跟講粗口有關的。


多有人認爲粗口大多跟生殖器有關,是有辱女性云,當中邏輯欠奉。況且五大常用字中,陽盛陰衰,如果是侮辱女性,侮辱男性則更甚。其實很多“粗人”都十分敬愛女性,被罵的人,一律都是鬚眉濁物。


有時候或不如意,或滿心鬱悶,或憤憤不平,以最髒的説話發洩一下,有舒緩的奇效。況且面對世間的不平事,除了丟這星丟那星,我還能做些什麽?請見諒。

Friday, January 8, 2010

Mormons

小時候長輩們跟我說,穿白襯衣,襟前掛方形黑牌子的是邪教人員,千萬不要跟他們説話。名字叫摩門教,很嚇人,令人聯想到“魔教”,而且他們真的經常會“摩”上你家的“門”去傳教。後來,應該是高中的時候吧,得知原來“摩門教”的正名為“耶穌基督末世聖徒教會”,“末世”前、“末世”後的,好聽不了多少,使我想起大呼大叫、集體自殺等邪教行爲。


這一場天大的誤會,直至工作上遇到幾位摩門教徒的客戶(來自同一公司),才告終結。我認識的Mormons,都居於美國猶他或科羅拉多州,不單一點都不“魔”,甚至比平常人“正派”得多。不煙、不酒、不咖啡、不茶;重家庭,兒女成群(認識的六位中老年男教徒中,最少有3個,最多9個,平均4.8個);生活簡樸但努力工作(可能因爲兒女多,不努力賺錢不行!),收入的10%貢獻教會;誠實可靠,樂於助人;一點都不愛講道 —— 其實一般只有十八至二十嵗左右的男教徒,才會漂泊異地傳教,歷練兩三年。期間不能有任何娛樂,連看電視也不行,刻苦得令人感動。


現在中文譯名不作“末世聖徒”,改爲“後期聖徒”(全名是耶穌基督後期聖徒教會,The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints),好不了多少。


原始教義主張一夫多妻,是唯一“邪”的地方,不過現在已經沒有了(還有少數分支教派仍然奉行)。就算一夫多妻又怎樣?強逼性的一夫一妻婚姻制度很優越嗎?不見得,看看身邊就知。爲何如此?請讀羅素。


舊時最大的客戶是“摩門”中人,現在成爲朋友;現在唯一的客戶也是“摩門”中人,我與Mormons結下不解緣。人格高尚,做朋友無得頂;誠實守信,作爲工作夥伴亦屬第一等。可惜,怎麽也不可能入教。宗教觀不用說,要像他們那樣生活,太累了吧。更要命的是——不許喝酒。

Monday, December 28, 2009

婚姻

讀羅素的自傳,最有趣是他的愛情及婚姻生活,尤其是第二及第三段婚姻。(於圖書館借了一本羅素的相冊,跟自傳一併閲讀,“圖文並茂”,加深記憶,效果不錯。)


第一任妻子Alys與第二任妻子Dora,雖然一個是來自美國的清教徒(極右),一個是土生於英國、思想非常前衛的女子(極左),樣子卻有六成相似。羅素花了不少文字描述Alys的漂亮,印象中卻沒有怎樣讚美Dora,我認爲兩位相貌不算漂亮,以女性來説鼻子太大(他的另外一名情婦Ottoline鼻子更大)。鼻大的人權力慾強,男女皆如是,女性更明顯(因爲男性權力慾強較普遍)。可能那個年代有學識的女子較少,性格多強悍,對羅素較有吸引力;可能英國本來就不是盛產俊男美女的國家,Jude Law, Huge Grant, Keira Knightley 等樣子是非常非常罕有的,Emma Thompson 及 Tony Blair的樣子才是典型的“英國樣”。


另一有趣之處是開放式婚姻“Open Marriage”在那個時代的上流社會看來相當普遍。羅素的另一位情婦Constance帶同她的丈夫一同出席羅素的公開演説,兩男均知對方的存在,而能續為朋友。Dora的情夫在羅素家裏住過不短的日子,還生了兩個孩子,思想開放程度令人乍舌!這使我聯想起李敖說過,(大概是)中國古代某些時期男同性戀非常普遍,有人以“不好男色”作爲自薦書中的一項優點(即Resume裏加上“不搞同性戀”),現時香港的性觀念是否過分保守呢?


羅素認爲婚外情可以,但不應該生“婚外小孩”,並以此作爲離婚的其中一個理由。


第三任妻子Patricia原是他的婚外情人、家庭教師、研究助理。結婚時羅素64嵗、Patricia 26嵗,離婚時Patricia 39嵗。自傳裏只是說“my wife decided that she wanted no more of me, our marriage come to an end”,這麽的輕描淡寫,沒有說出原因。試於網上查,還未找到。只知Patricia終此一生不再見羅素,也不許兒子Conrad(他倆的唯一兒子、羅素的第三及最後一個孩子)跟父親相見,看來懷恨甚深。是因爲羅素的風流嗎?嫁他的時候不就很清楚嗎?會否是爲了羅素與Edith的婚外情,因妒成恨?


Edith比Patricia年長十嵗。雖然照片中的Edith不再年輕,但仍然十分高貴漂亮,絕對是四任太太中最美的一位。羅素1950年與Edith結婚,是第三次離婚後一年。這一年他78嵗,她50嵗。


一生人擁有四段婚姻,好像很多,對羅素來說卻不算多。不要忘記他活到97嵗!而且每段婚姻都維持十多年:
1894-1901
1921-1932
1936-1949
1950-1970
不過前三段婚姻是因爲“Open”,才可以維持這麽久。開放式婚姻可能是降低離婚率的妙法,估計比婚姻輔導有效很多。

Monday, December 21, 2009

從別處爬起來

"You don't have to make it back the way that you lost it",畢菲特於1994年給股東的信是這樣寫的。


在投資上,這是不容易克服的心理障礙。我也有犯過同樣錯誤,不過經此海嘯後,已真切體會這戒律,並堅守應用。


記得李天命也說過,(大概是)“從這裏跌倒,爲何必須從這裏站起來,而不可從別處爬起來?”


在人生的旅途上,是時候從別處爬起來了。


後記
李天命“殺悶思維”原文為:
“在哪裏跌倒就在哪裏站起來!”
有豪氣,而且只有豪氣。
在哪裏跌倒就在哪裏站起來,
在哪裏跌倒就爬到別處站起來,
在哪裏跌倒就躺在哪裏先休息一下,
智者全看實況而定。